Copyright Day in Canada: Supreme Court Releases 5 Decisions

The Supreme Court of Canada has released its long-awaited decisions in the Copyright Pentalogy - five cases spanning a range of troubling issues in Canadian copyright law, from the scope of fair dealing in the educational and consumer contexts to the liability implications of offering a download service.

In all, the day was a big win for rational, flexible copyright law:

• Alberta (Education) v. Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency (Access Copyright), 2012 SCC 37 [1] - In a 5-4 majority decision, Justice Abella lays out a spirited defense of fair dealing. Key points:
  • the teacher's purpose in making photocopies for students is indivisible from the student's purpose in requesting those copies: facilitating private study and research
  • the Board erred in finding a link between photocopying small excerpts and any decline in textbook sales
  • for determining the amount of the dealing, the specific dealing is what is relevant, not what is happening in aggregate across the educational sector
• Entertainment Software Association v. Society of Composers, Authors and Music Publishers of Canada , 2012 SCC 34 [2] - Another 5-4 majority. The majority articulated a strong defence of the principle of technological neutrality.
  • "There is no practical difference between a buying a durable copy of the work in a store, receiving a copying the mail, or downloading a an identical copy using the internet."
  • the "fundamental nature" of the right to communicate the work to the public by telecommunication is concerned with performance-based activities
• Rogers Communications Inc. v. Society of Composers, Authors and Music Publishers of Canada , 2012 SCC 35 [3] - Given the majority decision in ESA v. SOCAN, the issue of downloads has been ruled moot. However, the majority deals with "on demand" services:
  • a transmission of a single copy of a work to a single individual is not a "communication to the public" within the meaning of the Copyright Act
  • however, a series of repeated transmissions of the same work to different recipients may qualify as a "communication to the public"
  • nothing in the wording of the Copyright Act excludes "pull technologies" from the scope of the right to communicate to the public by telecommunication
• Society of Composers, Authors and Music Publishers of Canada v. Bell Canada , 2012 SCC 36 [4] - The iTunes case:  Is it legal to offer 30 second previews of songs without payment? Yes! The Court unanimously finds that consumer research may qualify as fair dealing:
  • The Court again affirms that the relevant purpose is that of the ultimate user, not the service provider
  • "research" need not be for creative purposes
  • the court noted that there are "reasonable safeguards" in place to ensure that previews are used for the consumer's research purposes
• Re:Sound v. Motion Picture Theatre Associations of Canada , 2012 SCC 38 [5] - The most curious of the 5 cases, in that no one is sure why the Court wished to hear this appeal. The issue was whether performers could get a tariff for music in public performances of movies, despite the Act's clear definition of "sound recording" excluding soundtracks of films. The mystery remains: the Court unanimously dismissed the appeal in 53 short paragraphs.
  • A "soundtrack" is a "sound recording" except when it accompanies a movie.
  • Had Parliament intended pre-existing sound recordings to be exempt from this exclusion, it would have said so.
  • Canada's treatment of sound recordings is consistent with the Rome Convention.

CIPPIC intervened in all five cases.